IFAC and APB Ethical Standards for Accountants Essay

The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) provides professional ethics and ethical codes for Accountants. They include standards of behaviour that are designed for both practical and idealistic purposes. In the accountancy profession, professional accountants should follow a set of rules and values to be able to execute the objectives needed to the highest standard of so called professionalism. IFAC requires throughout the world that accountancy bodies should issue codes of conduct not less rigorous than its own. Members are required to examine the spirit of the code as well as the specific requirements. Disobedience can lead to disciplinary proceedings. More specific guidance is included in the codes for accountants engaged in†¦show more content†¦Aware of this, directors may seek to influence the auditors by several ways and if shareholders suspect a gain interest relationship the appearance of independence is undermined. Related to the provision of assurance (external auditing), APB ethical standards have set frameworks that are intended to secure the independence of auditors. Some key examples are: a) Self interest threat, for example the amount of fees that are charged to clients for audit and other services are set by APB to 10% for plc clients and 15% for private company clients. Also when fees are overdue they are threatening objectivity, therefore the engagement letter should clarify the basis of fee charging and payment terms. Furthermore when auditors have shares in the company that are providing services for, gives rise to self interest threat and they should be disposed. b) Intimidation threat, for instance when either party auditor or clients are acting in an aggressive or dominant way then the auditor should consider resignation. c) Advocacy threat is when auditors argue in favour of their clients in litigation or a regularity investigation. For this to happen, it means that auditors are in close relationship with those in management hence it creates threats to the auditors’ objectivity (actingShow MoreRelatedAuditing of Educational Institutions4879 Words   |  20 PagesPractices Board (APB), (2002), defines audit of financial statements as an exercise whose objective is to enable auditors to express an opinion whether the financial statements give a true and fair (or equivalent) of the entity’s affairs at the periods and of its profit or loss or income and expenditure for the period then ended and have been properly prepared in accordance with the applicable reporting framework.( for example relevant legislation and applicable accounting standards ) or where statutoryRead MoreCons and Pros of Internet16245 Words   |  65 PagesInternational Accounting Policy Forum. pp. 5-27. 2006 5 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors Ray Ball* Abstract—Accounting in shaped by economic and political forces. It follows that increased worldwide integration of both markets and politics (driven by reductions in communications and information processing costs) makes increased integration of financial reporting standards and practice almost inevitable. But most market and political forces will remain localRead MoreThe Government and Not-For-Profit Environment100975 Words   |  404 PagesTFinancial statements, no matter how prepared, do not directly affect the economic worth of an entity. 8. FThe Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Board’s standards do not apply to the federal Department of Treasury. 9. TGovernments may be subject to the same pressures that led to accounting scandals like Enron. 10. FThe Governmental Accounting Standards Board establishes generally accepted accounting principles for all state and local government entities, as well as all not-for-profit

Impact of Social Networking Sites Free Essays

string(101) " measuring the digital world, 84 per cent of India’s total internet visitors are users of SNS\." Business Research Methodology A Study On Impact Of Social Networking Sites On Our Life Impact Of Social Networking Sites On Our Life ICFAI BUSINESS SCHOOL This Report Has Been submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements of PGPM program of IBS Gurgaon Submitted To, Prof. Vipin Khurana Submitted By, Avinash Kumar Singh 12BSP1658 Pankaj Sharma 12BSP0825 Atul Kesharwani 12BSP2341 Lav Sood 12BSP Acknowledgement First foremost I humbly bow my head before the Almighty for the unmerited blessings though various hands. I submit this small venture before God with full satisfaction pleasure from my heart. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Social Networking Sites or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is with great respect and devotion we place on record my deep sense of gartidue and indebtedness to Prof. Vipin Khurana, Faculty Of Business Research Methodology, ICFAI Business School, Gurgaon for his sustained variable guidance, constructive valuable suggestions, unfailing patience, friendly approach, constant support and encouragement withoust which this study would have been a distant dream. We also place a eep sense of gratitude to all those who participated in our study, you all really being very help full and patience. We also like to thank all of our classmates and friends who supported and guided us whenever we needed them, thank you friends. This Report simply shows the entire dedication of our group who have coordinated for successful accomplishment of this study report. Group Number 3 Avinash Kumar Singh 12BSP1658 Pankaj Sharma 12BSP0825 Atul Kesharwani 12BSP2341 Lav Sood 12BSP Abstract In today’s fast moving world, everyone tries to be ahead of their competi tors, friends and social circle. Considering the fact, there are so many burning issues around us which we need to think upon and act, it’s an alarm for us to be aware about the society and its issues. Through social networking, people can use networks of online friends and group memberships to keep in touch with current friends, reconnect with old friends or create real-life friendships through similar interests or groups. Besides establishing important social relationships, social networking members can share their interests with other likeminded members by joining groups and forums. Some networking can also help members find a job or establish business contacts. Most social networking websites also offer additional features. In addition to blogs and forums, members can express themselves by designing their profile page to reflect their personality. The most popular extra features include music and video sections. The video section can include everything from member generated videos from hundreds of subjects to TV clips and movie trailers (YouTube). Social networking sites have facilitated communication. Members of such sites can easily form groups (called the communities) and share their opinions among themselves through discussion threads, forums and polls. Though these sites serves good in many ways, it has its negative effects too such as cyber-crimes which has become a privacy threat to the people worldwide. Although advantageous in many ways by building new relationship and reconnecting with lost or old contacts, it also brought up some behavioural changes among the youth, not only the behavioural changes but also their social behaviour and approaches. It has also ended up as a nightmare for a few people. Social Networking sites provide a platform for discussion on such issues as it is this media which majority mass rely on and extend warm support. One such burning issue that has been overlooked in today’s scenario is the impact of social networking sites in the changing mind-set of the youth. Our research is conducted on youths between age group of 10-30 years with a view to know the level of awareness on the social issues, the penetration of SNC in their Life. Study was conducted on 100 people mostly through email or sending link of questionnaire on various social sites. 1. Introduction:- Social network sites are web-based services allowing individuals to construct a semi-public or public profile in a bounded system as well as to articulate a list of others so as to share connections, views and thoughts. However the type, classification and nature of these connections may differ from site to site. Uniqueness of social networking sites not only allows individuals to meet strangers but enables users to discuss and make visible their social networks. This results into connections between individuals which otherwise is not possible through any other media already existing. Maximum of the time social networking sites are used to communicate with people who are already their friends or acquaintances in the social network sharing same mindset or same interests and views. Discussions on debatable topics, news articles are most common topics on these SNNs. There are a number of SNS’s available now-a-days wherein users are increasing leaps and bounds as shown in the table below- TOP 7 SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES IN THE WORLD Rank Sites Estimated unique monthly users 1. Facebook 55,0000000 2. Twitter 95800000 3. Myspace 80500000 4. Linkedin 50000000 5. Ning 42000000 6. Tagged 30000000 7. Classmates 29000000 Social networking sites are not only popular for providing a platform for chatting, sharing scraps, videos, pictures etc. but also for discussing social issues. However, certain issues yet require study and research like impact of SNS on youth’s minds and loss of privacy as earlier people believed in keeping their data private but now they enjoy going public and showing wall posts, status updates, tweets and infact every thrill of their lives. In this way, we are ourselves breaching our privacy and personal space at the compromise of publicizing intimate details so as to attract hundreds of online readers and even strangers. Online Social networking is a type of virtual communication that allows people to connect with each other. This concept arises from basic need of human beings to stay together in groups forming a community. Wikipedia defines social network service as online platform that focus on building and reflecting social networks or social relations among people who share interests and activities. According to ComScore, a leader in measuring the digital world, 84 per cent of India’s total internet visitors are users of SNS. You read "Impact of Social Networking Sites" in category "Essay examples" India is the seventh largest market worldwide for social networking after the U. S. , China, Germany, Russian Federation, Brazil and the U. K. Facebook captures the top slot among SNS in India with 20. 9 million visitors. People spend over 700 billion minutes per month on Facebook and 70 per cent of users are from outside United States. Interestingly, an average user has 130 friends on Facebook (â€Å"Facebook statistics,† ). a. But is this the true picture of social networking sites? b. Is everything going fine in the world of social networking? c. What about the futures of its users? d. Are they happy with the virtual life or it is making their life hell? e. HOW MUCH TIME WE WASTE ON SNS? f. what will be it’s impact on the society†¦. etc.? These Questions remains a unanswered for a very long time, we in this study are trying to cover these questions also we trying to give impact of following:- a. Social Personal Issues b. Personal Privacy c. Biological Impact d. Its effect on Productivity e. SNS addiction Disorder . 2. Review of related literature:- Lot of literature is available now days on the social networking sites and their impact on the youth of any nation, children, adolescence and families as during the last 5 years, usage of such sites has increased among preadolescents and adolescents. According to a latest poll, 22% of teenagers log in more than 10 times a day on to their favorite s ocial media site, and more than half percentage of adolescents log more than once a day (Steyer James, 2009). In the report Social networking sites a critical analysis of its impact on personal and social life, By Dr. Biswajit Das Jyoti Shankar Sahoo, published in international Journal of business and social science vol. 2 No. 14 states that:- The growth of social networking sites shows a significant change in the social and personal behaviour of Internet users. SNS has become an essential medium of communication and entertainment among the young adults. Everything in this world can be used for a bad purpose as well as for good. Its us who can make the difference and utilize social networking sites wisely for the benefit of developing social bonds across the geographical borders. In the report impact of social networking sites in the changing mindset of youth on social issues-A syudy of delhi Ncr youth, By, Mr. Madhur Raj Jain, Ms. Palak Gupta Ms. Nitika Anand. They took total sample size of 100 respondents, and done a exploratory study and tools used were tables, pie charts, annova, cross table using SPSS 19. 0. The report concludes that:- It was found that these social networking sites are acting as great medium for view mobilization. People are feeling free in sharing their thoughts on any issue nd even youth is raising their voice against social acts like violation of Human Rights, corruption etc. It is also being generated from the information so obtained that people are getting more aware about the social issues mainly from Facebook. On the study of a Study on the impact of social networking sites on Indian youth, By, Dr. M. Neelamalar Ms. P. Chitra, Methdology used was:-employs the method of Qualitative research through quantitative analysis to gathe r an in-depth understanding of the behavioral changes cause by the social networking sites like Orkut on youth and the reasons that govern such behavior. The sample size is 100 and they are divided into two categories each of 50,the categories are teens (17-19) and youth in the age group of 20-22. Concluded that a majority of the Indian youth are members in one or more social networking sites but also are low users of such sites and used Internet more for mailing and sur? ng the net (downloads). 3. Research Gap:- * The previous researches where done when social networking in our country was in nascent stage * They have Used Email, Phone And Face to Face Method Of Survey, But we are Instead using SNS. They Only used age Between 18 to 30 years we are using a wider Age Range * We instead of wider social affects, dealing At Personal level * We used SPSS 20. 0 for analysis. 4. Scope Objective Of Study:- * To study the awareness of usages of different SNS * The affect of SNS on personal Life * To know the spread of Spy wares on SNS * To know the time Spent on SNS * To analyze the penetration level of SNS in Life * To check for what SNS are used These days 5. Hypothesis:- I. Testing the significance difference b/w Male and Female User * H0 (Null Hypothesis) There is no significance difference between Male And Female User * H1 (Alternative Hypothesis)There is significance difference between Male And Female User II. Testing the significant spread of malwares and cyber criminals over SNS * H0 (Null Hypothesis) There is no significant spread of malwares and cyber criminals over SNS * H1 (Alternative Hypothesis)There is significant spread of malwares and cyber criminals over SNS III. Testing the Significance of SNS in Ones Life. * H0 (Null Hypothesis) There is no significance of SNS in Ones Life * H1 (Alternative Hypothesis)There is significance of SNS in ones life 6. Assumptions:- While conducting the research we assumed that all the participants are filling the survey seriously and we made sure through cookies lock that no duplication happens. 7. Limitations:- The research has been done through online questionnaire and thus the level of seriousness in the user are not upto the mark, and also since we are not present their physically so the interpretation of questions wasn’t even. Because of limitation of monitory resources as well as busy time schedule of classes we weren’t able to host and spread the survey to as much as people we wanted to. The hosting sites we used because of being free gave us limitation of collecting 50 responses at once we have to collect and delete the responses after creating a backup 8. Methodology:- Exploratory research method is being used, the research will give an insight of the users of SNS. Exploratory research is a form of research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution. Given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist. Exploratory research methods: The quickest and the cheapest way to formulate a hypothesis in exploratory research is by using any of the four methods: I. Literature search II. Experience survey III. Focus group IV. Analysis of selected cases In this research we had done Experience survey, with a assumption that the users of social networking site have a good knowledge of what’s going on these sites. For doing that we prepared set of questions which reveals how, what and why they are connected to social networking sites. 9. Population of interest:- We have selected the educated youth who are either, school, or are collage going. They are the one who spent most of their spare time on SNS and some of them are attached so close to it that they don’t even imagine life with SNS. Moreover the youth of the age group 10-30, view world idealistically and are more involved in the world outside their work place and home. This population is choose because of the simple fact that they are more tech friendly and Internet and more importantly SNS are an important part of their life and they see it as a medium of increasing network and even see opportunities hidden behind it. 0. Sampling Procedure and source of Data:- We conducted surveys through online questionnaire. The questions have been made on ‘Adobe form Central’, an online survey hosting site by ADOBE Inc. The hosted questions were them in the form of a web link is being posted on various SNS, specially the most common one i. e. Facebook. Th e questionnaire has been made through a discussion among group members and using our own experience of social networking sites. The response then were backed up both online and offline in Ms Excel. The data has been then coded accordingly after collecting 100 responses. 11. Questionnaire For Data Collection:- The questionnaire was made by brain- storming in the group and accessing our own SNS experience. The questionnaire contents text field, text field –multiline, single choice field, multiple choice field, Drop down menu, single check box and Likert rating scale. Direct and indirect questions which were placed are as follows:- 12. Data Coding:- Gender| Codes| MALE| 1| FEMALE| 2| Age| Codes| 10 TO 15| 1| 16 TO 20| 2| 21 TO 25| 3| 26 TO 30| 4| 30+| 5| Qualification| Codes| Graduate| 1| Post graduate| 2| INTERMEDIATE/10+2| 3| DOCTORATE| 4| MATRIC| 5| Occupation| Codes| Student| 1| Employed| 2| Self-Employed| 3| Fresher| 4| Time spent On Sns| Codes| 1 HOUR| 1| 2 HOUR| 2| 3 HOUR| 3| MORE THAN 3 HOURS| 4| Friends on Facebook| Codes| Less Than 100| 1| 100 To 200| 2| 201 to 300| 3| 301 to 500| 4| 501 to 1000| 5| 1000+| 6| Connections On LinkedIn| Codes| Less Than 50| 1| 50 to 100| 2| 101 to 200| 3| 201 to 300| 4| 301 to 500| 5| 500+| 6| HOW IMPORTANT DO YOU THINK SCOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE FOR MAINTAINING FOLLOWING:-| STRONGLY NOT IMPORTANT| 1| NOT IMPORTANT| 2| MAY BE| 3| IMPORTANT| 4| STRONGLY IMPORTANT| 5| IF ALL THE SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE GONE, HOW DO YOU THINK YOU WOULD SPENT TIME, WHICH OTHERWISE YOU WOULD HAD SPENT ON SNS? HOBBIES| 1| WITH FAMILY| 2| WITH FRIENDS| 3| STUDY| 4| PHYSICAL FITNESS| 5| Teaching| 6| Reading novels and watching Hollywood movies| 7| DO YOU ACCEPT INVITATION OF UNKNOWN PERSON ON SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES? | Yes I Always Do| 1| Yes But Only On LinkedIn| 2| Never| 3| Maybe, It Depends| 4| Yes, Only If It Is From Opposite Gender| 5| DO YOU PLACED YOUR ORIGINAL PICTURE AS YO UR PROFILE PICTURE? | Yes| 1| No| 2| WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE ILL- EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES? | Lot Of Time Wastage| 1| Hamper Studies| 2| Reduce Physical Mobility and Fitness| 3| Cut Away From Family| 4| No| 5| Others| 6| HAVE YOU OBSERVED OR BEING A VICTIM OF FOLLOWING ON ANY SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES:-| OFTENLY| 1| SOMETIMES| 2| RARELY| 3| NEVER| 4| DO YOU THINK THE LAW SHOULD BE MADE STRICTER FOR SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES? | Yes| 1| No| 2| 13. Statistical Analysis:- 13. i Statistical Techniques:- We have used Factor and Bivariate analysis. Also we have used frequency technique of descriptive statistics to explain the different variables. Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors. In other words, it is possible, for example, that variations in three or four observed variables mainly reflect the variations in fewer unobserved variables. Factor analysis searches for such joint variations in response to unobserved latent variables. The observed variables are modelled as linear combinations of the potential factors, plus â€Å"error† terms. The information gained about the interdependencies between observed variables can be used later to reduce the set of variables in a dataset. Computationally this technique is equivalent to low rank approximation of the matrix of observed variables. Factor analysis originated in psychometrics, and is used in behavioural sciences, social sciences, marketing, product management, operations research, and other applied sciences that deal with large quantities of data. Bivariate analysis is one of the simplest forms of the quantitative (statistical) analysis. [1] It involves the analysis of two variables (often denoted as X, Y), for the purpose of determining the empirical relationship between them. [1] In order to see if the variables are related to one another, it is common to measure how those two variables simultaneously change together. Frequency analysis:- AGE| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 16 TO 20| 16| 16. 2| 16. 3| 16. 3| | 21 TO 25| 78| 78. 8| 79. 6| 95. 9| | 26 TO 30| 4| 4. 0| 4. 1| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | GENDER| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| MALE| 65| 65. 7| 66. 3| 66. 3| | FEMALE| 33| 33. 3| 33. 7| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | QUALIFICATION| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| GRADUATE| 45| 45. 5| 45. 9| 45. 9| | POST GRADUATE| 42| 42. 4| 42. 9| 88. 8| INTERMEDIATE/10+2| 8| 8. 1| 8. 2| 96. 9| | DOCTORATE| 1| 1. 0| 1. 0| 98. 0| | MATRIC| 2| 2. 0| 2. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | OCCUPATION| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| STUDENT| 77| 77. 8| 78. 6| 78. 6| | EMPLOYED| 15| 15. 2| 15. 3| 93. 9| | SELF-EMPLOYED| 5| 5. 1| 5. 1| 99. 0| | FRESHER| 1| 1. 0| 1. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 1 HOUR| 52| 52. | 53. 1| 53. 1| | 2 HOUR| 20| 20. 2| 20. 4| 73. 5| | 3 HOUR| 10| 10. 1| 10. 2| 83. 7| | MORE THAN 3 HOUR| 16| 16. 2| 16. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Less Than 100| 12| 12. 1| 12. 2| 12. 2| | 100 To 200| 14| 14. 1| 14. 3| 26. 5| | 201 to 300| 26| 26. 3| 26. 5| 53. 1| | 301 to 500| 33| 33. 3| 33. 7| 86. 7| | 501 to 1000| 11| 11. 1| 11. 2| 98. 0| | 1000+| 2| 2. 0| 2. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Less Than 50| 58| 58. 6| 59. 2| 59. 2| | 50 to 100| 27| 27. 3| 27. 6| 86. 7| | 101 to 200| 7| 7. 1| 7. 1| 93. 9| | 201 to 300| 3| 3. 0| 3. 1| 96. 9| | 301 to 500| 1| 1. 0| 1. 0| 98. 0| | 500+| 2| 2. 0| 2. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| NOT AT ALL IMPORTANT| 2| 2. 0| 2. 0| 2. 0| | IMPORTANT BUT NOT MUCH| 29| 29. | 29. 6| 31. 6| | SO-SO| 30| 30. 3| 30. 6| 62. 2| | VERY IMPORTANT| 32| 32. 3| 32. 7| 94. 9| | I CAN’T LIVE WITHOUT THEM| 5| 5. 1| 5. 1| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | DO YOU PLACED YOUR ORIGINAL PICTURE AS YOUR PROFILE PICTURE? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| YES| 84| 84. 8| 85. 7| 85. 7| | NO| 14| 14. 1| 14. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | SPAMS| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 16| 16. 2| 16. 3| 16. 3| | SOMETIMES| 31| 31. 3| 31. | 48. 0| | RARELY| 30| 30. 3| 30. 6| 78. 6| | NEVER| 21| 21. 2| 21. 4| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HACKERS| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 5| 5. 1| 5. 1| 5. 1| | SOMETIMES| 29| 29. 3| 29. 6| 34. 7| | RARELY| 25| 25. 3| 25. 5| 60. 2| | NEVER| 39| 39. 4| 39. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | FAKEPROFILE| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 18| 18. 2| 18. 4| 18. 4| | SOMETIMES| 33| 33. 3| 33. 7| 52. 0| | RARELY| 24| 24. 2| 24. 5| 76. | | NEVER| 23| 23. 2| 23. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HARSSSMENT| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 3| 3. 0| 3. 1| 3. 1| | SOMETIMES| 15| 15. 2| 15. 3| 18. 4| | RARELY| 19| 19. 2| 19. 4| 37. 8| | NEVER| 61| 61. 6| 62. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | PORNOGRAPHY| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 3| 3. 0| 3. 1| 3. 1| | SOMETIMES| 19| 19. 2| 19. 4| 22. 4| | RARELY| 21| 21. 2| 21. 4| 43. 9| | NEVER| 55| 55. 6| 56. 1| 100. 0| Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | RACISM| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 4| 4. 0| 4. 1| 4. 1| | SOMETIMES| 16| 16. 2| 16. 3| 20. 4| | RARELY| 15| 15. 2| 15. 3| 35. 7| | NEVER| 63| 63. 6| 64. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | FACTOR ANALYSIS Total Variance Explained| Component| Initial Eigenvalues| Ext raction Sums of Squared Loadings| Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings| | Total| % of Variance| Cumulative %| Total| % of Variance| Cumulative %| Total| % of Variance| Cumulative %| 1| 3. 99| 51. 658| 51. 658| 3. 099| 51. 658| 51. 658| 2. 200| 36. 663| 36. 663| 2| 1. 025| 17. 083| 68. 741| 1. 025| 17. 083| 68. 741| 1. 925| 32. 078| 68. 741| 3| . 602| 10. 035| 78. 776| | | | | | | 4| . 504| 8. 393| 87. 169| | | | | | | 5| . 485| 8. 091| 95. 260| | | | | | | 6| . 284| 4. 740| 100. 000| | | | | | | Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. | KMO and Bartlett’s Test| Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. | . 780| Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity| Approx. Chi-Square| 189. 982| | df| 15| | Sig. | . 000| Descriptive Statistics| | Mean| Std. Deviation| N| REGR factor score 1 for analysis 1| 0E-7| 1. 0000000| 98| REGR factor score 2 for analysis 1| 0E-7| 1. 00000000| 98| REGR factor score 1 for analysis 2| 0E-7| 1. 00000000| 98| REGR factor score 2 for analysis 2| 0 E-7| 1. 00000000| 98| Multiple regressions:- Tests of Between-Subjects Effects| Source| Dependent Variable| Type III Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | Corrected Model| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | . 018a| 1| . 018| . 014| . 906| | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 6. 302b| 1| 6. 302| 4. 164| . 044| | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | . 946c| 1| . 46| . 863| . 355| | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | . 043d| 1| . 043| . 047| . 829| Intercept| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | 313. 814| 1| 313. 814| 241. 084| . 000| | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 867. 119| 1| 867. 119| 572. 908| . 000| | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | 229. 518| 1| 229. 518| 209. 331| . 000| | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | 840. 859| 1| 840. 859| 915. 942| . 000| GENDER| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS Y OU SPENT ON SNS? | . 018| 1| . 018| . 14| . 906| | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 6. 302| 1| 6. 302| 4. 164| . 044| | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | . 946| 1| . 946| . 863| . 355| | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | . 043| 1| . 043| . 047| . 829| Error| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | 124. 961| 96| 1. 302| | | | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 145. 300| 96| 1. 514| | | | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | 105. 258| 96| 1. 096| | | | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? 88. 131| 96| . 918| | | Total| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | 478. 000| 98| | | | | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 1177. 000| 98| | | | | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | 374. 000| 98| | | | | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | 1025. 000| 98| | | | Corrected T otal| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | 124. 980| 97| | | | | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 151. 602| 97| | | | | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | 106. 04| 97| | | | | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | 88. 173| 97| | | | a. R Squared = . 000 (Adjusted R Squared = -. 010)| b. R Squared = . 042 (Adjusted R Squared = . 032)| c. R Squared = . 009 (Adjusted R Squared = -. 001)| d. R Squared = . 000 (Adjusted R Squared = -. 010)| Correlations| | AGE| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | HOW MANY TIME YOU SPENT WITH YOUR HOBBY(S) PER DAY? | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | AGE| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 162| . 016| . 185| . 225*| | Sig. 2-tailed)| | . 112| . 879| . 068| . 026| | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | Pearson Correlation| . 162| 1| . 023| . 191| . 352**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 112| | . 821| . 059| . 000| | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| HOW MANY TIME YOU SPENT WITH YOUR HOBBY(S) PER DAY? | Pearson Correlation| . 016| . 023| 1| . 052| -. 112| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 879| . 821| | . 613| . 274| | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | Pearson Correlation| . 185| . 191| . 052| 1| . 310**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 068| . 059| . 613| | . 002| | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | Pearson Correlation| . 225*| . 352**| -. 112| . 310**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 026| . 000| . 274| . 002| | | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| *. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed). | **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | 14. Summary And Major Findings:- 1. Since Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy is greater than 0. 6 and 68. 745 % of the variance in our items was explained by the 5 extracted components, which thereby explains that there is significant spread of malwares over internet and thus our alternate hypothesis i. . there is significant spread of malwares and cyber criminals over internet is accepted. 2. As explained by the bivariate correlation , the correlation are significant at 0. 05 level and 0. 01 level of significance, the null hypothesis i. e. there is no significant difference between male and female user is rejected. 3. As explained by multiple regressions the null hypothesis i. e there is no significance of SNS on one’s life is rejected. 15. References:- 1. 55. 032% of the variance in our items was explained by the 5 extracted components by, Dr. Biswajit Das and Jyoti Shankar Sahoo, International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 14 www. ijbssnet. com. 2. IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES IN THE CHANGING MINDSET OF YOUTH ON SOCIAL ISSUES – A STUDY OF DELHI-NCR YOUTH by, Mr. Madhur Raj Jain, Ms. Palak Gupta ; Ms. Nitika Anand. 3. A Study on the impact of social networking sites on indian youth,By, Dr. M. Neelamalar ; Ms. P. Chitra. 4. SLIDES OF Prof. Vipin Khurana 5. www. wikipedia. org 6. http://core. ecu. edu/psyc/wuenschk/spss/SPSS-MV. htm 7. http://www. unt. edu/rss/class/Jon/SPSS_SC/Module9/M9_PCA/SPSS_M9_PCA1. htm How to cite Impact of Social Networking Sites, Essay examples

Multimodality in Clouds over Sidra

Question: Discuss about theMultimodality in Clouds over Sidra. Answer: Introduction: Multimodality is defined as the relationship shared between communication and representation which goes beyond the realm of language. With changes in society, new technologies and media, addressing communication have evolved over the years. It has indeed become crucial for practice, teaching and researching in practical and academic areas. For such analysis a variety of methodologies, frameworks and techniques have been evolved (Machin 2016). In recent years communication using messages and texts, problems arising from using semiotic resources, interacting with each other and with language. For instance, sound design and cinematographic and production resources, page layout and image text, aural and visual art, dress, proxemics, gaze, and gesture have led to some necessary challenges. This essay focuses on the Virtual Reality film Clouds Over Sidra, told in a narrative fashion to depict the journey of a young girl Sidra, to highlight the type of multimodality used. Multimodality on Clouds Over Sidra From Within (2016), the short video Clouds Over Sidra, produced by Aaron Koblin and Chris Milk in their production company VRSE, Sidra a 12-year-old girl from Syria, narrates her experience of her life living away from her home country. Throughout the video, she narrates to the audience describing each scene to the audience starting from her birth to her present life in a refugee camp in Jordan (Rethinked.org 2016). The short video which is a documentary has been presented in a 360-degree Virtual Reality (VR) video format and is around 8 minutes long. If the video had been a simple narrative format, it wouldn't have caused an immersive experience. 360-degree video format enables the viewer to directly interact with the video to see the full surrounding in a given scene, and VR format allows the viewer to directly view the three-dimensional spaces of the living characters. From Within (2016), a typical example of the scene is when she is watching television in a room; the audience can watch the television by sitting beside her, looking through a window. When the user sees down, the user finds himself or herself sitting on the same ground as that of her. This evokes emotion in a much deeper way than passively viewing the video. Journalists, storytellers, and producers will soon find themselves experiencing reality through immersive 360 videos. Biocca and Levy (2013) stated that Storytelling has evolved from text narration to a sensory experience. What it started from simple visual, sound was added later, and then came augmented and virtual reality which ultimately mixed with a sense of touch from wearables and other inputs. This creates a deeper narrative and theme (Dunleavy and Dede 2014). VR is a relatively new technological tool and is much more than just a video game peripheral. It connects a user to other humans who were unheard before in any form of media. It also changes the perception of each other. VR mode was also used for the first time to treat a cancer patient in Britain where people could see the live-stream of the surgery while finding themselves right in the operation theater (Meyercancer.weill.cornell.edu 2016). Kim et al. (2013) pointed out that this is a new mode of communication where a machine makes some more connected, empathetic and compassionate, and ultimately more human. For instance, one can experience the Colosseum as it was in 70 AD, or feel the plight of the day-to-day life of Syrian refugees in Jordan through the new technological mediums. They are still in their infancy but by 2020 it is predicted that one can witness a live event or a breaking news right from the spot where it is all happening. Karutz and Bailenson (2015) argued that liv e studio audience, documentary, and current affairs journalism will be presented this way. More and more stories can be experienced through the visually rich medium of 3d holographic AR projections, interactive VR spaces, where the environment can be mimicked to that of a virtual classroom, bedroom and living room. It will let a user move and interact with the objects for entertainment and education purposes once the gesture is introduced in the 3D mixed and virtual reality worlds. Emma-Ogbangwo et al. (2014), expressed concern that the current limitation preventing it from happening is the restriction of internet bandwidth and advanced video processing, that will create believable virtual worlds. Coleman.edu (2016) states Oculus Rift and HTC Live are some of the popular VR headset makers in the market right now. Digital experiences will undergo a breakthrough than just simple touch interactions and will be present in every medium (refer to Appendix 1). People will emulate their int eraction with the digital content like they do physically in the real world (Liu, Yin and Zhang 2012). Hardt (2007) stated that the Multimodal analysis comprises the analysis of all forms of communication. It particularly focuses on the text which includes the integration and interaction of various semiotic resources or modes of communication, to achieve the meaning of the text. The different resources interactive computing resources are software and digital media hardware). Technological products used like sound and image recording, architecture, writing, painting and carving (OHalloran and Smith 2012). Semiotic action and proxemics of other bodily resources are bodies, hand and face; and aspects of speech like vocal and intonation characteristics. Semiotic resources come with their constraints and affordances, both in combination and individually, analytical variations lie nature and terms of the media, scope, and detail of the analysis, and the difficulties arising from its implementation across media (Poria et al. 2015). For dealing with these challenges two major strategies can b e identified explore theory using analysis of text as both illustration and test of general principle discussions. The other strategy is to examine original texts and working on them before on to generalizations. The first method makes the theory problematic by not assuming, and most of the work is about integrating and comparing knowledge and practice from other different theoretical traditions (Benjamin 1970). Multimodal studies apply to the method when a person takes into consideration the vast range of academic and disciplinary traditions for the relevant multimodality. Theoretical generalization is usually applied in this way to explain various text types and texts, to illustrate and test, and derive from general principles (Burset, Bosch and Pujola 2016). Djonov and Zhao (2013) pointed out that analytical detail is of utmost importance in this approach, and the challenges of reproduction, analysis, transcription and accessing publication are quite apparent.. The film Clouds Over Sidra is in simple terms a short documentary film, and if released on a social video platform called Youtube or Facebook, would or would not have made much impact. The question then raised is how to create a short film that stands unique from the rest and can still tell a simple story to which the audience can relate emotionally (Kaiser 2016). To differentiate this movie from other works, the creators looked for a multimodal approach, which means to distribute the film (media) through many platforms like the with.in website, VR headset (modal) (Kiros, Salakhutdinov and Zemel 2014). To create the full multimodal experience, the film instead of having a video and someone else narrating, took a different approach. The narration is done by the same person the film is focused on, which makes use of the girls (Sidra) voice (media) to capture the audience. Hearing from a first-person perspective is more engrossing than hearing from a professional narrator (Taylor 2013). The directors Gabo Arora and Chris Malik took it a step further and implemented VR so that the audience can explore the scenery in each scene which creates an immersive effect. The voice, in particular, narrates every scene and being a 12-year-old young girl; the audience finds the voice more pleasing to hear and at the same time understand the emotions and feelings of the character by the tone used (Wall and Crevecoeur 2016). There are few scenes in the film where the voice complements the overall scene and helps make the scene much more impactful (Bateman 2013). For instance, at 0:52 (refer to Appendix 2) Sidra describes her shanty living place and her family while the viewer can explore the scene by rotating the video on the website or via VR and understand her living condition. From 3:16 to 4:13 (refer to Appendix 3 and 4), she describes the leisure habits of the Syrian men (Within 2016). This scene is commendable for the fact that unlike traditional films there is almost minim al to nil editing and cut-shots, and the viewer has fully fledged control of the scene to see what is going around (Ohanian and Phillips 2013). In the book Engagements with Narrative, the author Janine Utell describes the use of first-person narration in media create for a more autobiographical approach, and a form of direct communication with the viewers (refer Appendix 5) (Utell 2015). Conclusion The value and applications of multimodal text analysis are enormous. Understanding of multimodality is essential to the study of classroom education and discourse. The addition of new techniques and knowledge from multimodal semiotics science shows new methods to the study and development of computational science, and multimodal text analysis is crucial in a wide variety of fields. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality devices combined with haptic feedback of sensors from wearables and other input have created a new level of immersion to the storytelling and journalism, evoking a deeper feeling in the process and more connectedness among others. References Bateman, J.A., 2013. Multimodality and Film.The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Benjamin, W. 1970, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical reproduction, In H. Arendt W. Benjamin (eds), Illuminalions, Cape, pp.219-226. Biocca, F. and Levy, M.R. eds., 2013.Communication in the age of virtual reality. Routledge. Burset, S., Bosch, E. and Pujol, J.T., 2016. A study of multimodal discourse in the design of interactive digital material for language learning.New perspectives on teaching and working with languages in the digital era, p.163. Coleman.edu. (2016).Virtual Reality Comes to Coleman, Thanks to Mr. Jeep and Harvard University | Coleman University. [online] Available at: https://www.coleman.edu/blog/?p=1065 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Djonov, E. and Zhao, S., 2013.Critical multimodal studies of popular discourse. Routledge. Dunleavy, M. and Dede, C., 2014. Augmented reality teaching and learning. InHandbook of research on educational communications and technology(pp. 735-745). Springer New York. Emma-Ogbangwo, C., Cope, N., Behringer, R. and Fabri, M., 2014, June. Enhancing user immersion and virtual presence in interactive multiuser virtual environments through the development and integration of a gesture-centric natural user interface developed from existing virtual reality technologies. InInternational Conference on Human-Computer Interaction(pp. 410-414). Springer International Publishing. Hardt, M. 2007, Foreword: What affects are good for in Halley, J. Clough, C.P., The Affective Turn: Theorizing the Social, Duke University Press, pp.9-13. Kaiser, A., 2016. Do Documentary Films Constitute A Social Science.Political Analysis,18(1), p.6. Karutz, C.O. and Bailenson, J.N., 2015. Immersive virtual environments and the classrooms of tomorrow.The handbook of the psychology of communication technology,32, p.290. Kim, M.J., Wang, X., Love, P.E.D., Li, H. and Kang, S.C., 2013. Virtual reality for the built environment: a critical review of recent advances. Journal of Information Technology in Construction,18(2), pp.279-305. Kiros, R., Salakhutdinov, R. and Zemel, R.S., 2014. Unifying visual-semantic embeddings with multimodal neural language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:1411.2539. Liu, Y., Yin, Y. and Zhang, S., 2012, August. Hand gesture recognition based on HU moments in interaction of virtual reality. InIntelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC), 2012 4th International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 145-148). IEEE. Machin, D., 2016.Introduction to multimodal analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing. Meyercancer.weill.cornell.edu. (2016).Home | Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center. [online] Available at: https://meyercancer.weill.cornell.edu/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2016]. Halloran, K.L. and Smith, B.A., 2012. Multimodal text analysis.The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Ohanian, T. and Phillips, N., 2013.Digital filmmaking: the changing art and craft of making motion pictures. CRC Press. Poria, S., Cambria, E., Hussain, A. and Huang, G.B., 2015. Towards an intelligent framework for multimodal affective data analysis.Neural Networks,63, pp.104-116. Rethinked.org. (2016).Technology | rethinked*. [online] Available at: https://rethinked.org/?cat=1083 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016]. Taylor, L., 2013. Voice, body and the transmission of the real in documentary theatre.Contemporary Theatre Review,23(3), pp.368-379. Utell, J., 2015.Engagements with Narrative. Routledge. Wall, B. and Crevecoeur, Y., 2016.Narrator's Voice: The Dilemma Of Children's Fiction. Springer. Within. (2016).Clouds Over Sidra: A Virtual Reality (VR) film | With.in (360 video). [online] Available at: https://with.in/watch/clouds-over-sidra/ [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016].