Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay This experiment is based on the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation/demodulation technique. The aim of the experiment is to gain familiarity with the components of a simple data transmission system, gain experience using an experimental communication system and studying its performance under the influence of white noise and also, to compare experimental results with theoretical deductions. Bandpass modulation, of which BPSK is a type, is a process whereby, a sinusoid usually called a carrier wave, is modulated or have its characteristics changed by a digital pulse baseband signal in other to enable wireless based transmission. In BPSK modulation, the phase of the carrier waveform is shifted to either 0Â ° or 180Â ° by the modulating data signal. To effectively model the transmission channel, the AWGN generator is used which adds the effect of noise to the signal at the receiver in other to properly characterise what obtains in real systems. SNR measurements are taken after the noise is added before the receiver and results of each stage of the experiment are presented. 2.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from the experiment and brief discussions are now presented. 2.1 The frequency of the waveform was measured to be 1.493kHz 2.2 The amplitude of the waveform was measured to be 3.608V 2.3 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGADesktopLAB RESULTSPart 2.bmp Fig. 1: Square Waveform from NE555 timer circuit. The timer circuit produces a sequence of ones and zeros which together with the resistors and capacitor, produces a square waveform. It can be observed that the square top and bottom are not perfectly straight but with ripples, this is due to the resonance effect presented by the capacitor. Also, the rising pattern of the top is due to the voltage rise time in the capacitor. 2.4 The frequency of the message sequence is measured to be 374Hz 2.5 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 4 5.bmp Fig. 2: Message sequence at the output of the frequency divider. The SN74LS74 integrated circuit implements a second order frequency divider, 2n (n=2). Hence the frequency of the timer circuit is divided by four. Hence, this is also evident in the frequency of the message sequence in 2.4 above. 2.6 The cut-off frequency of the 2nd order Butterworth low pass filter is given by; The cut-off frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude of the transfer function drops to 0.7071 of its maximum value which represents the point at which the power in the circuit is 3dB less than the maximum value. 2.7 The frequency of the sinusoid at the output of the filter was measured to be 1.328kHz. 2.8 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Wordpart 8.jpg Fig. 3: Output of the first and second Butterworth LPF. A B A Output of first filter; B Output of second filter The Butterworth lowpass filter is used to generate the sinusoidal carrier required for the baseband signal. The Butterworth filter has a gentle roll-off, has no ripple in the pass or stop band hence, it has a monotonic response. To maximise the smoothness of the sinusoid, we use two of such filters in series. 2.9 The RC highpass filter is used to remove the DC components of the sinusoid (since it will only allow frequencies from the cut off frequency upwards) and convert it into a non-return to zero one. The cut-off frequency is given by: 2.10 The frequency of the modulated signal was measured to be 1.408kHz. 2.11 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 11.bmp Fig. 4: Output of the RC filter and the inverting amplifier circuits. A B A RC filter output B Inverting amplifier output The outputs of the RC filter and the inverting amplifier differ by a phase shift of 180Â °, to fulfil the requirement for BPSK where we need antipodal modulated signals. Since the gain of the inverting amplifier is unity, there is no change to the amplitude of the inverted carrier. 2.12 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 10 12.bmp Fig. 5: BPSK signal at the output of the adder circuit. A The analogue switch produces a 0Â ° shifted sinusoid when the message signal is high (a 1) and a 180Â ° shifted sinusoid when the message signal is low (a 0). The two outputs streams are combined in the adder circuit which has a gain of unity so that no modification is made to the signal amplitude. The result of this is a stream of 1s and 0s represented by the sinusoidal waveform in fig. 5 above. Point A depicts the sudden phase change as the bits changes to connote a transition from a high to a low and vice-versa. If we begin with a 1, then the fig. 4 would represent 10101010. 2.13 The bandwidth of the noise signal is 500kHz. 2.14 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 14.jpg Fig. 6: BPSK signal with white noise. The AWGN channel helps to simulate what can typically obtain in real communication environments and it was observed that in real systems, the signal is not really as elegant as presented in fig. 5 but the addition of noise means the receiver will require some form of intelligence and signal processing in other to correctly detect the transmitted message. 2.15C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 15.jpg Fig. 7: BPSK noisy signal at output of RC lowpass filter. The cut-off frequency of this filter is given by; hence it will cut off signals above 15.92kHz. It was observed that after the application of this filter, the noise level was significantly reduced as evident comparing fig. 6 and 7, since the noise contained a large amount of frequency components higher than 15.92kHz due to its bandwidth of 500kHz. 2.16 The signal at the output of the integrator takes the shape of a sawtooth waveform. This is because integrating a square waveform produces a sawtooth waveform. 2.17 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 16 17.bmp Fig. 8: Output of the integrator circuit. A B The multiplier and integrator circuit represents a matched filter implementation at the receiver. Point A represents the zero point i.e the beginning of a new symbol or bit in this case, when the integrator is re-set. As such, when a 1 changes to a 0, we have a re-set to zero point and the direction of the triangular shape changes to the opposite. Point B is the integration phase proper. It is not smooth due to the effect of noise in the system. Also, the rise is a direct result of the capacitor charging. 2.18 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 18.jpg Fig. 9: Pulse application to integrator. A B A Integrator output; B Reset Pulse As displayed on fig. 8 above, the reset pulse is applied to the integrator at the symbol transition instant which is seen to be the beginning of every half cycle to reset the integrator to zero. 2.19 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 19a.png Fig. 10: The Reference Signal C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word19b.jpg Fig. 11: The Sampling Pulse C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 19c.jpg Fig. 12: The Reset Pulse The reference signal is obtained from the SN74LS74 frequency divider of the transmitter thus it is the originally transmitted message sequence. The sampling and reset instances are done at the same time that is at the half cycle. 2.20 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 20.jpg Fig. 13: Output of the Comparator. This is where the original baseband signal is regenerated. From fig. 8, when the output of the integrator is positive, an output voltage of 5 volts is produced at the comparator and when the integrator output is negative, a 0 volt output is obtained. This resulted in fig. 13 above showing the alternating 5 and 0 volts or 1s and 0s which depicts our detected signal. The frequency of the detected signal is 1.419kHz. 2.21 The length of the delayed version of the data symbol produced at the receiver is 1.804ms 2.22 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 21 and 22 Greeen channel 2 yellow channel 1.bmp Fig. 14: The Delayed pulse and Original data signal. A B A- Delayed Pulse; B Original Pulse Comparing the original data signal against the delayed version, it is observed that though they are of the same period, B has longer duration positive half cycle while A compensates with a longer negative half cycle. Also, the time delay between them is about a half cycle. 2.23 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 23 yellow delay green comparator.bmp Fig. 15: Input Signals to the XOR circuit. A B A Delayed original signal; B Detected signal The detected signal B is compared against the delayed version of the original signal A, because B generally, B would have experienced some delay and hence to effectively ascertain if an error occurred, its best to compare it against a delayed original as represented by A. The exclusivity of the circuit lies in the fact that when A B are the same, a 0 will be produced while when they are different denoting an error, a 1 will be produced. 2.24 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 24 green 2 yellow 1.jpgFig. 16: Input Signals to the first NAND gate. A B A Sampling Pulse; B XOR Output A NAND gate will only produce a zero when both inputs are high. Hence a zero is obtained when the sampling instant coincides with a high output from the XOR circuit. 2.25 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 25 yellow chn1 5v dc green chn2 1st input.png Fig. 17: Input Signals to the second NAND gate. A B C A Input 5Vdc; B Output of first NAND gate; C Zero point Since a NAND gate will produce a high when both inputs are not the same and when they are both 0, a 5V dc (always high or 1) is applied to one of the inputs and the output of the first NAND gate to the other. Hence, at the points where B comes down to zero (C), the output of the NAND gate will record a high which implies an error has occurred. 2.26 To estimate the BER; Where Vs (rms value of signal amplitude) =514mV, Vn (rms value of noise amplitude) = 0-10dB W (AWGN channel bandwidth) = 500kHz T (modulated Signal period) = 656.25ÃŽÂ ¼s SNR received signal to noise ratio BER bit error rate or error probability. Table 1 below presents the values. Table 1: Summary of Results Fig. 18: BER Performance Plot 3.0 CONCLUSION The BER performance plot of fig. 18 shows that the behaviour of the experimental system is within the bounds of predicted theoretical results. For instance, as quoted in the lecture notes, at SNR= 10.4dB, the BER is about 1.510-6. From fig.18 above, a similar point, of SNR=10.3806dB gives a BER of 1.48810-6. Hence confirming the accuracy of the results obtained from the experiment. The plot confirms that as the signal-to-noise ratio increases, the error probability reduces in line with conventional knowledge. In addition, the process of using a baseband signal to modulate the phase of a sinusoid was observed, converting it into a bandpass signal for transmission ease. Also, the use of Additive White Gaussian Noise to simulate the channel provides an insight into what might be expected in a live system environment, under varying degrees of noise exposure. Finally, because the received data sequence will most likely be displaced from its true positions as demonstrated experimentally, the use of a time delayed version of the original transmitted sequence to compare and check for errors was justified.

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, microsystem refers to the groups that immediately influence and directly impact the development of a child. In my life this impact came from my family and church. As a young child I was very timid and shy. My family taught me how to be resilient in challenging situations. For example during large family gatherings, where confrontations occur among my cousins and I, there were several opportunities to voice my opinion and stand for what I feel was right.The church I attended gave me a different paradigm on life. Being a part of this ministry allowed me to see my potential on a greater level. Over the years, I was given many chances to interact with children in a supervisory position. This experience helped me to discover my gift for teaching young children. Exosystem is the link between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role. Being a military family, exosystem, also had a strong influence on my development as a child.My step father was enlisted in the US Navy. At the age of eight years old, my family and I relocated to Virginia from Florida. We resided here for 4 years. During my time in Virginia, I discovered that school was more challenging than that of Florida schools. I struggled academically, especially the first two years. The academic lessons are a little more than a year worth of difference between the two school systems. So the two systems that impact me the most are the microsystem of my family and the exosystem of being a military family.Nurture and Nature does have an influence on adult development, but not as great as it is on children. Let’s look at nurture, as a child you are still developing. A child has minimal control over his or her environment and development has not reached maturation, that’s why children need adult supervision and guidance. Once a child becomes a mature functioning ad ult he or she can make sound decisions what is accepted in his or her environment. For example, Victor does not enjoy the city that he resides in. There are not a lot of opportunities for the career field he is working in.Victor can make a conscious decision to move to a more suitable location. A minor has very little influence on where he or she lives. With the latest advancements in science we are fortunate to have the knowledge to counteract the negative effects of genetics. Nature influence on our quality of life is weakening. Maria’s family has a history of heart failure and diabetes. Maria’s, physical make up is that of her biological father. She is petite and pear shaped. Her paternal great grandmother, great aunt and grandmother died from complications of heart disease.Maria has control over the foods she eats and activity levels. On the other hand, children foods and playtimes are decided by consenting adults. Through proper education and a healthy lifestyle s he has a better chance of a life free of this illness. Even though nurture and nature have a minimum influence on adults, ultimately adults make the final decisions on their lives. Choose Wisely. 1. Witt, G. A. , & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult Development and Life Assessment. Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUPSY202. 10. 2

Robert Wilde - ThoughtCo

The Media and Control - 1219 Words

Reality for most people, is what they â€Å"assume exists independently of any concept or representation†. (Grossberg, 1998:184) That’s â€Å"reality† to us, no second thought about it. Fiske says that reality â€Å"is the product of that culture’s codes†; (1987:4) meaning, that our society presents us with â€Å"a collection of material facts, that we can accurately perceive†. (Grossberg, 1998:185) The concept that the material facts have to be collected is peculiar. It implies that a negotiation between the public and reality has taken place, that someone, had to decide what was to be collected, and what was to be deserted. It has been said that media is the most influential. The media are â€Å"perhaps the most important producers of meaning and the codes of†¦show more content†¦Our society is divided into many individual groups according to the media.   For example, the media portrays black males either as basketball players, drug dealers, and murderers. They are mostly badly characterised, however all of the above does not represent just black males, it represents just about any human being. Also, there is Barack Obama, challenging the stereotypes set by the media. The Cultivation Theory suggest that the typical viewer is isolated and atomized, thus highly influenceable by the media. For example, too much media violence makes the viewers perceive our society as a mean, scary and dangerous place when it is not. And in consequence, citizens respond by supporting conservative crime control agendas excessively. In result there have been massive buildups in jails and prisons. Gerbner says that heavy viewers have a greater fear of our society in comparison to light viewers. Like I have mentioned that certain ideas and images can shape and distort our perceptions of reality. How many naked bodies do most of us view on a regular basis in real life - not counting what the media shows us?! Very few. But now-a-days people spend a lot of time reading fashion magazines and watching pornography, they encounter more naked or semi-naked bodies than they would otherwise, such as female bodies that happen to have had plastic-surgeries and men that are well toned. It is not surprising that in our media-driven society, ourShow MoreRelatedDo We Control The Media Control Us?889 Words   |  4 Pages111 27 August 2014 Do we Control the Media or Does the Media Control Us? Imagine how surveys came into play. Imagine a group of people wanting to know what another group of people think, feel, want and desire. A survey came to be a way to meet the needs of others at a much more efficient way. Imagine mass media as a way to meet the needs and desires of the mass. It is a survey taken every time the remote is used. Whatever catches the attention of the mass is what the media produces quantities of andRead MoreCorporate Control of the Media and Politics1071 Words   |  5 Pageswith the exam and uninformed decision-making for the same reason uneducated people have trouble with it, media coverage. Society today is a media society, rich or poor, educated or uneducated, we all receive information and news the same way. Through television, radio, internet or the papers we absorb information and whether we like it or not this information is bias and controlled. Media seems to follow what Americans want to see and Americans want to see celebrity news, international newsRead MoreMedia Controls Your Mind837 Words   |  4 PagesMedia has an affect on the popular culture more than most people think. It is simply everywhere you go and unavoidable. So either way you look at it, the mass media occurs in a person’s life on a daily basis. Which has a severe effect on the choices you make and the morals you live by. One cannot trust everything they see on TV either. Most commercials you would see today are overly exaggerated just to persuade consumers into buying the product. For example, in the 1930’s America’s first â€Å"drugRead MoreCorporate Control over Med ia1683 Words   |  7 Pagesinterests of that media? Have you ever felt that you seem to be viewing more hours of advertising than actual media content? These are questions that lingers in the minds of media analysists over and over again. Objective of Analysis In this analysis, we intend to treat media as a commodity that is being sold to the audience and the media content as a psychological influence on them. It is intended to throw light upon some of the devastating effects of the â€Å"business† of media, due to the influenceRead MoreThe Media Access Control System Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. 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IFAC and APB Ethical Standards for Accountants Essay

The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) provides professional ethics and ethical codes for Accountants. They include standards of behaviour that are designed for both practical and idealistic purposes. In the accountancy profession, professional accountants should follow a set of rules and values to be able to execute the objectives needed to the highest standard of so called professionalism. IFAC requires throughout the world that accountancy bodies should issue codes of conduct not less rigorous than its own. Members are required to examine the spirit of the code as well as the specific requirements. Disobedience can lead to disciplinary proceedings. More specific guidance is included in the codes for accountants engaged in†¦show more content†¦Aware of this, directors may seek to influence the auditors by several ways and if shareholders suspect a gain interest relationship the appearance of independence is undermined. Related to the provision of assurance (external auditing), APB ethical standards have set frameworks that are intended to secure the independence of auditors. Some key examples are: a) Self interest threat, for example the amount of fees that are charged to clients for audit and other services are set by APB to 10% for plc clients and 15% for private company clients. Also when fees are overdue they are threatening objectivity, therefore the engagement letter should clarify the basis of fee charging and payment terms. Furthermore when auditors have shares in the company that are providing services for, gives rise to self interest threat and they should be disposed. b) Intimidation threat, for instance when either party auditor or clients are acting in an aggressive or dominant way then the auditor should consider resignation. c) Advocacy threat is when auditors argue in favour of their clients in litigation or a regularity investigation. For this to happen, it means that auditors are in close relationship with those in management hence it creates threats to the auditors’ objectivity (actingShow MoreRelatedAuditing of Educational Institutions4879 Words   |  20 PagesPractices Board (APB), (2002), defines audit of financial statements as an exercise whose objective is to enable auditors to express an opinion whether the financial statements give a true and fair (or equivalent) of the entity’s affairs at the periods and of its profit or loss or income and expenditure for the period then ended and have been properly prepared in accordance with the applicable reporting framework.( for example relevant legislation and applicable accounting standards ) or where statutoryRead MoreCons and Pros of Internet16245 Words   |  65 PagesInternational Accounting Policy Forum. pp. 5-27. 2006 5 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors Ray Ball* Abstract—Accounting in shaped by economic and political forces. It follows that increased worldwide integration of both markets and politics (driven by reductions in communications and information processing costs) makes increased integration of financial reporting standards and practice almost inevitable. But most market and political forces will remain localRead MoreThe Government and Not-For-Profit Environment100975 Words   |  404 PagesTFinancial statements, no matter how prepared, do not directly affect the economic worth of an entity. 8. FThe Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Board’s standards do not apply to the federal Department of Treasury. 9. TGovernments may be subject to the same pressures that led to accounting scandals like Enron. 10. FThe Governmental Accounting Standards Board establishes generally accepted accounting principles for all state and local government entities, as well as all not-for-profit

Impact of Social Networking Sites Free Essays

string(101) " measuring the digital world, 84 per cent of India’s total internet visitors are users of SNS\." Business Research Methodology A Study On Impact Of Social Networking Sites On Our Life Impact Of Social Networking Sites On Our Life ICFAI BUSINESS SCHOOL This Report Has Been submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements of PGPM program of IBS Gurgaon Submitted To, Prof. Vipin Khurana Submitted By, Avinash Kumar Singh 12BSP1658 Pankaj Sharma 12BSP0825 Atul Kesharwani 12BSP2341 Lav Sood 12BSP Acknowledgement First foremost I humbly bow my head before the Almighty for the unmerited blessings though various hands. I submit this small venture before God with full satisfaction pleasure from my heart. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Social Networking Sites or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is with great respect and devotion we place on record my deep sense of gartidue and indebtedness to Prof. Vipin Khurana, Faculty Of Business Research Methodology, ICFAI Business School, Gurgaon for his sustained variable guidance, constructive valuable suggestions, unfailing patience, friendly approach, constant support and encouragement withoust which this study would have been a distant dream. We also place a eep sense of gratitude to all those who participated in our study, you all really being very help full and patience. We also like to thank all of our classmates and friends who supported and guided us whenever we needed them, thank you friends. This Report simply shows the entire dedication of our group who have coordinated for successful accomplishment of this study report. Group Number 3 Avinash Kumar Singh 12BSP1658 Pankaj Sharma 12BSP0825 Atul Kesharwani 12BSP2341 Lav Sood 12BSP Abstract In today’s fast moving world, everyone tries to be ahead of their competi tors, friends and social circle. Considering the fact, there are so many burning issues around us which we need to think upon and act, it’s an alarm for us to be aware about the society and its issues. Through social networking, people can use networks of online friends and group memberships to keep in touch with current friends, reconnect with old friends or create real-life friendships through similar interests or groups. Besides establishing important social relationships, social networking members can share their interests with other likeminded members by joining groups and forums. Some networking can also help members find a job or establish business contacts. Most social networking websites also offer additional features. In addition to blogs and forums, members can express themselves by designing their profile page to reflect their personality. The most popular extra features include music and video sections. The video section can include everything from member generated videos from hundreds of subjects to TV clips and movie trailers (YouTube). Social networking sites have facilitated communication. Members of such sites can easily form groups (called the communities) and share their opinions among themselves through discussion threads, forums and polls. Though these sites serves good in many ways, it has its negative effects too such as cyber-crimes which has become a privacy threat to the people worldwide. Although advantageous in many ways by building new relationship and reconnecting with lost or old contacts, it also brought up some behavioural changes among the youth, not only the behavioural changes but also their social behaviour and approaches. It has also ended up as a nightmare for a few people. Social Networking sites provide a platform for discussion on such issues as it is this media which majority mass rely on and extend warm support. One such burning issue that has been overlooked in today’s scenario is the impact of social networking sites in the changing mind-set of the youth. Our research is conducted on youths between age group of 10-30 years with a view to know the level of awareness on the social issues, the penetration of SNC in their Life. Study was conducted on 100 people mostly through email or sending link of questionnaire on various social sites. 1. Introduction:- Social network sites are web-based services allowing individuals to construct a semi-public or public profile in a bounded system as well as to articulate a list of others so as to share connections, views and thoughts. However the type, classification and nature of these connections may differ from site to site. Uniqueness of social networking sites not only allows individuals to meet strangers but enables users to discuss and make visible their social networks. This results into connections between individuals which otherwise is not possible through any other media already existing. Maximum of the time social networking sites are used to communicate with people who are already their friends or acquaintances in the social network sharing same mindset or same interests and views. Discussions on debatable topics, news articles are most common topics on these SNNs. There are a number of SNS’s available now-a-days wherein users are increasing leaps and bounds as shown in the table below- TOP 7 SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES IN THE WORLD Rank Sites Estimated unique monthly users 1. Facebook 55,0000000 2. Twitter 95800000 3. Myspace 80500000 4. Linkedin 50000000 5. Ning 42000000 6. Tagged 30000000 7. Classmates 29000000 Social networking sites are not only popular for providing a platform for chatting, sharing scraps, videos, pictures etc. but also for discussing social issues. However, certain issues yet require study and research like impact of SNS on youth’s minds and loss of privacy as earlier people believed in keeping their data private but now they enjoy going public and showing wall posts, status updates, tweets and infact every thrill of their lives. In this way, we are ourselves breaching our privacy and personal space at the compromise of publicizing intimate details so as to attract hundreds of online readers and even strangers. Online Social networking is a type of virtual communication that allows people to connect with each other. This concept arises from basic need of human beings to stay together in groups forming a community. Wikipedia defines social network service as online platform that focus on building and reflecting social networks or social relations among people who share interests and activities. According to ComScore, a leader in measuring the digital world, 84 per cent of India’s total internet visitors are users of SNS. You read "Impact of Social Networking Sites" in category "Essay examples" India is the seventh largest market worldwide for social networking after the U. S. , China, Germany, Russian Federation, Brazil and the U. K. Facebook captures the top slot among SNS in India with 20. 9 million visitors. People spend over 700 billion minutes per month on Facebook and 70 per cent of users are from outside United States. Interestingly, an average user has 130 friends on Facebook (â€Å"Facebook statistics,† ). a. But is this the true picture of social networking sites? b. Is everything going fine in the world of social networking? c. What about the futures of its users? d. Are they happy with the virtual life or it is making their life hell? e. HOW MUCH TIME WE WASTE ON SNS? f. what will be it’s impact on the society†¦. etc.? These Questions remains a unanswered for a very long time, we in this study are trying to cover these questions also we trying to give impact of following:- a. Social Personal Issues b. Personal Privacy c. Biological Impact d. Its effect on Productivity e. SNS addiction Disorder . 2. Review of related literature:- Lot of literature is available now days on the social networking sites and their impact on the youth of any nation, children, adolescence and families as during the last 5 years, usage of such sites has increased among preadolescents and adolescents. According to a latest poll, 22% of teenagers log in more than 10 times a day on to their favorite s ocial media site, and more than half percentage of adolescents log more than once a day (Steyer James, 2009). In the report Social networking sites a critical analysis of its impact on personal and social life, By Dr. Biswajit Das Jyoti Shankar Sahoo, published in international Journal of business and social science vol. 2 No. 14 states that:- The growth of social networking sites shows a significant change in the social and personal behaviour of Internet users. SNS has become an essential medium of communication and entertainment among the young adults. Everything in this world can be used for a bad purpose as well as for good. Its us who can make the difference and utilize social networking sites wisely for the benefit of developing social bonds across the geographical borders. In the report impact of social networking sites in the changing mindset of youth on social issues-A syudy of delhi Ncr youth, By, Mr. Madhur Raj Jain, Ms. Palak Gupta Ms. Nitika Anand. They took total sample size of 100 respondents, and done a exploratory study and tools used were tables, pie charts, annova, cross table using SPSS 19. 0. The report concludes that:- It was found that these social networking sites are acting as great medium for view mobilization. People are feeling free in sharing their thoughts on any issue nd even youth is raising their voice against social acts like violation of Human Rights, corruption etc. It is also being generated from the information so obtained that people are getting more aware about the social issues mainly from Facebook. On the study of a Study on the impact of social networking sites on Indian youth, By, Dr. M. Neelamalar Ms. P. Chitra, Methdology used was:-employs the method of Qualitative research through quantitative analysis to gathe r an in-depth understanding of the behavioral changes cause by the social networking sites like Orkut on youth and the reasons that govern such behavior. The sample size is 100 and they are divided into two categories each of 50,the categories are teens (17-19) and youth in the age group of 20-22. Concluded that a majority of the Indian youth are members in one or more social networking sites but also are low users of such sites and used Internet more for mailing and sur? ng the net (downloads). 3. Research Gap:- * The previous researches where done when social networking in our country was in nascent stage * They have Used Email, Phone And Face to Face Method Of Survey, But we are Instead using SNS. They Only used age Between 18 to 30 years we are using a wider Age Range * We instead of wider social affects, dealing At Personal level * We used SPSS 20. 0 for analysis. 4. Scope Objective Of Study:- * To study the awareness of usages of different SNS * The affect of SNS on personal Life * To know the spread of Spy wares on SNS * To know the time Spent on SNS * To analyze the penetration level of SNS in Life * To check for what SNS are used These days 5. Hypothesis:- I. Testing the significance difference b/w Male and Female User * H0 (Null Hypothesis) There is no significance difference between Male And Female User * H1 (Alternative Hypothesis)There is significance difference between Male And Female User II. Testing the significant spread of malwares and cyber criminals over SNS * H0 (Null Hypothesis) There is no significant spread of malwares and cyber criminals over SNS * H1 (Alternative Hypothesis)There is significant spread of malwares and cyber criminals over SNS III. Testing the Significance of SNS in Ones Life. * H0 (Null Hypothesis) There is no significance of SNS in Ones Life * H1 (Alternative Hypothesis)There is significance of SNS in ones life 6. Assumptions:- While conducting the research we assumed that all the participants are filling the survey seriously and we made sure through cookies lock that no duplication happens. 7. Limitations:- The research has been done through online questionnaire and thus the level of seriousness in the user are not upto the mark, and also since we are not present their physically so the interpretation of questions wasn’t even. Because of limitation of monitory resources as well as busy time schedule of classes we weren’t able to host and spread the survey to as much as people we wanted to. The hosting sites we used because of being free gave us limitation of collecting 50 responses at once we have to collect and delete the responses after creating a backup 8. Methodology:- Exploratory research method is being used, the research will give an insight of the users of SNS. Exploratory research is a form of research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution. Given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist. Exploratory research methods: The quickest and the cheapest way to formulate a hypothesis in exploratory research is by using any of the four methods: I. Literature search II. Experience survey III. Focus group IV. Analysis of selected cases In this research we had done Experience survey, with a assumption that the users of social networking site have a good knowledge of what’s going on these sites. For doing that we prepared set of questions which reveals how, what and why they are connected to social networking sites. 9. Population of interest:- We have selected the educated youth who are either, school, or are collage going. They are the one who spent most of their spare time on SNS and some of them are attached so close to it that they don’t even imagine life with SNS. Moreover the youth of the age group 10-30, view world idealistically and are more involved in the world outside their work place and home. This population is choose because of the simple fact that they are more tech friendly and Internet and more importantly SNS are an important part of their life and they see it as a medium of increasing network and even see opportunities hidden behind it. 0. Sampling Procedure and source of Data:- We conducted surveys through online questionnaire. The questions have been made on ‘Adobe form Central’, an online survey hosting site by ADOBE Inc. The hosted questions were them in the form of a web link is being posted on various SNS, specially the most common one i. e. Facebook. Th e questionnaire has been made through a discussion among group members and using our own experience of social networking sites. The response then were backed up both online and offline in Ms Excel. The data has been then coded accordingly after collecting 100 responses. 11. Questionnaire For Data Collection:- The questionnaire was made by brain- storming in the group and accessing our own SNS experience. The questionnaire contents text field, text field –multiline, single choice field, multiple choice field, Drop down menu, single check box and Likert rating scale. Direct and indirect questions which were placed are as follows:- 12. Data Coding:- Gender| Codes| MALE| 1| FEMALE| 2| Age| Codes| 10 TO 15| 1| 16 TO 20| 2| 21 TO 25| 3| 26 TO 30| 4| 30+| 5| Qualification| Codes| Graduate| 1| Post graduate| 2| INTERMEDIATE/10+2| 3| DOCTORATE| 4| MATRIC| 5| Occupation| Codes| Student| 1| Employed| 2| Self-Employed| 3| Fresher| 4| Time spent On Sns| Codes| 1 HOUR| 1| 2 HOUR| 2| 3 HOUR| 3| MORE THAN 3 HOURS| 4| Friends on Facebook| Codes| Less Than 100| 1| 100 To 200| 2| 201 to 300| 3| 301 to 500| 4| 501 to 1000| 5| 1000+| 6| Connections On LinkedIn| Codes| Less Than 50| 1| 50 to 100| 2| 101 to 200| 3| 201 to 300| 4| 301 to 500| 5| 500+| 6| HOW IMPORTANT DO YOU THINK SCOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE FOR MAINTAINING FOLLOWING:-| STRONGLY NOT IMPORTANT| 1| NOT IMPORTANT| 2| MAY BE| 3| IMPORTANT| 4| STRONGLY IMPORTANT| 5| IF ALL THE SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE GONE, HOW DO YOU THINK YOU WOULD SPENT TIME, WHICH OTHERWISE YOU WOULD HAD SPENT ON SNS? HOBBIES| 1| WITH FAMILY| 2| WITH FRIENDS| 3| STUDY| 4| PHYSICAL FITNESS| 5| Teaching| 6| Reading novels and watching Hollywood movies| 7| DO YOU ACCEPT INVITATION OF UNKNOWN PERSON ON SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES? | Yes I Always Do| 1| Yes But Only On LinkedIn| 2| Never| 3| Maybe, It Depends| 4| Yes, Only If It Is From Opposite Gender| 5| DO YOU PLACED YOUR ORIGINAL PICTURE AS YO UR PROFILE PICTURE? | Yes| 1| No| 2| WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE ILL- EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES? | Lot Of Time Wastage| 1| Hamper Studies| 2| Reduce Physical Mobility and Fitness| 3| Cut Away From Family| 4| No| 5| Others| 6| HAVE YOU OBSERVED OR BEING A VICTIM OF FOLLOWING ON ANY SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES:-| OFTENLY| 1| SOMETIMES| 2| RARELY| 3| NEVER| 4| DO YOU THINK THE LAW SHOULD BE MADE STRICTER FOR SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES? | Yes| 1| No| 2| 13. Statistical Analysis:- 13. i Statistical Techniques:- We have used Factor and Bivariate analysis. Also we have used frequency technique of descriptive statistics to explain the different variables. Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors. In other words, it is possible, for example, that variations in three or four observed variables mainly reflect the variations in fewer unobserved variables. Factor analysis searches for such joint variations in response to unobserved latent variables. The observed variables are modelled as linear combinations of the potential factors, plus â€Å"error† terms. The information gained about the interdependencies between observed variables can be used later to reduce the set of variables in a dataset. Computationally this technique is equivalent to low rank approximation of the matrix of observed variables. Factor analysis originated in psychometrics, and is used in behavioural sciences, social sciences, marketing, product management, operations research, and other applied sciences that deal with large quantities of data. Bivariate analysis is one of the simplest forms of the quantitative (statistical) analysis. [1] It involves the analysis of two variables (often denoted as X, Y), for the purpose of determining the empirical relationship between them. [1] In order to see if the variables are related to one another, it is common to measure how those two variables simultaneously change together. Frequency analysis:- AGE| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 16 TO 20| 16| 16. 2| 16. 3| 16. 3| | 21 TO 25| 78| 78. 8| 79. 6| 95. 9| | 26 TO 30| 4| 4. 0| 4. 1| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | GENDER| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| MALE| 65| 65. 7| 66. 3| 66. 3| | FEMALE| 33| 33. 3| 33. 7| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | QUALIFICATION| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| GRADUATE| 45| 45. 5| 45. 9| 45. 9| | POST GRADUATE| 42| 42. 4| 42. 9| 88. 8| INTERMEDIATE/10+2| 8| 8. 1| 8. 2| 96. 9| | DOCTORATE| 1| 1. 0| 1. 0| 98. 0| | MATRIC| 2| 2. 0| 2. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | OCCUPATION| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| STUDENT| 77| 77. 8| 78. 6| 78. 6| | EMPLOYED| 15| 15. 2| 15. 3| 93. 9| | SELF-EMPLOYED| 5| 5. 1| 5. 1| 99. 0| | FRESHER| 1| 1. 0| 1. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 1 HOUR| 52| 52. | 53. 1| 53. 1| | 2 HOUR| 20| 20. 2| 20. 4| 73. 5| | 3 HOUR| 10| 10. 1| 10. 2| 83. 7| | MORE THAN 3 HOUR| 16| 16. 2| 16. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Less Than 100| 12| 12. 1| 12. 2| 12. 2| | 100 To 200| 14| 14. 1| 14. 3| 26. 5| | 201 to 300| 26| 26. 3| 26. 5| 53. 1| | 301 to 500| 33| 33. 3| 33. 7| 86. 7| | 501 to 1000| 11| 11. 1| 11. 2| 98. 0| | 1000+| 2| 2. 0| 2. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Less Than 50| 58| 58. 6| 59. 2| 59. 2| | 50 to 100| 27| 27. 3| 27. 6| 86. 7| | 101 to 200| 7| 7. 1| 7. 1| 93. 9| | 201 to 300| 3| 3. 0| 3. 1| 96. 9| | 301 to 500| 1| 1. 0| 1. 0| 98. 0| | 500+| 2| 2. 0| 2. 0| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| NOT AT ALL IMPORTANT| 2| 2. 0| 2. 0| 2. 0| | IMPORTANT BUT NOT MUCH| 29| 29. | 29. 6| 31. 6| | SO-SO| 30| 30. 3| 30. 6| 62. 2| | VERY IMPORTANT| 32| 32. 3| 32. 7| 94. 9| | I CAN’T LIVE WITHOUT THEM| 5| 5. 1| 5. 1| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | DO YOU PLACED YOUR ORIGINAL PICTURE AS YOUR PROFILE PICTURE? | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| YES| 84| 84. 8| 85. 7| 85. 7| | NO| 14| 14. 1| 14. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | SPAMS| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 16| 16. 2| 16. 3| 16. 3| | SOMETIMES| 31| 31. 3| 31. | 48. 0| | RARELY| 30| 30. 3| 30. 6| 78. 6| | NEVER| 21| 21. 2| 21. 4| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HACKERS| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 5| 5. 1| 5. 1| 5. 1| | SOMETIMES| 29| 29. 3| 29. 6| 34. 7| | RARELY| 25| 25. 3| 25. 5| 60. 2| | NEVER| 39| 39. 4| 39. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | FAKEPROFILE| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 18| 18. 2| 18. 4| 18. 4| | SOMETIMES| 33| 33. 3| 33. 7| 52. 0| | RARELY| 24| 24. 2| 24. 5| 76. | | NEVER| 23| 23. 2| 23. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | HARSSSMENT| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 3| 3. 0| 3. 1| 3. 1| | SOMETIMES| 15| 15. 2| 15. 3| 18. 4| | RARELY| 19| 19. 2| 19. 4| 37. 8| | NEVER| 61| 61. 6| 62. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | PORNOGRAPHY| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 3| 3. 0| 3. 1| 3. 1| | SOMETIMES| 19| 19. 2| 19. 4| 22. 4| | RARELY| 21| 21. 2| 21. 4| 43. 9| | NEVER| 55| 55. 6| 56. 1| 100. 0| Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | RACISM| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| OFTENLY| 4| 4. 0| 4. 1| 4. 1| | SOMETIMES| 16| 16. 2| 16. 3| 20. 4| | RARELY| 15| 15. 2| 15. 3| 35. 7| | NEVER| 63| 63. 6| 64. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 98| 99. 0| 100. 0| | Missing| System| 1| 1. 0| | | Total| 99| 100. 0| | | FACTOR ANALYSIS Total Variance Explained| Component| Initial Eigenvalues| Ext raction Sums of Squared Loadings| Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings| | Total| % of Variance| Cumulative %| Total| % of Variance| Cumulative %| Total| % of Variance| Cumulative %| 1| 3. 99| 51. 658| 51. 658| 3. 099| 51. 658| 51. 658| 2. 200| 36. 663| 36. 663| 2| 1. 025| 17. 083| 68. 741| 1. 025| 17. 083| 68. 741| 1. 925| 32. 078| 68. 741| 3| . 602| 10. 035| 78. 776| | | | | | | 4| . 504| 8. 393| 87. 169| | | | | | | 5| . 485| 8. 091| 95. 260| | | | | | | 6| . 284| 4. 740| 100. 000| | | | | | | Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. | KMO and Bartlett’s Test| Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. | . 780| Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity| Approx. Chi-Square| 189. 982| | df| 15| | Sig. | . 000| Descriptive Statistics| | Mean| Std. Deviation| N| REGR factor score 1 for analysis 1| 0E-7| 1. 0000000| 98| REGR factor score 2 for analysis 1| 0E-7| 1. 00000000| 98| REGR factor score 1 for analysis 2| 0E-7| 1. 00000000| 98| REGR factor score 2 for analysis 2| 0 E-7| 1. 00000000| 98| Multiple regressions:- Tests of Between-Subjects Effects| Source| Dependent Variable| Type III Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | Corrected Model| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | . 018a| 1| . 018| . 014| . 906| | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 6. 302b| 1| 6. 302| 4. 164| . 044| | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | . 946c| 1| . 46| . 863| . 355| | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | . 043d| 1| . 043| . 047| . 829| Intercept| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | 313. 814| 1| 313. 814| 241. 084| . 000| | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 867. 119| 1| 867. 119| 572. 908| . 000| | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | 229. 518| 1| 229. 518| 209. 331| . 000| | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | 840. 859| 1| 840. 859| 915. 942| . 000| GENDER| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS Y OU SPENT ON SNS? | . 018| 1| . 018| . 14| . 906| | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 6. 302| 1| 6. 302| 4. 164| . 044| | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | . 946| 1| . 946| . 863| . 355| | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | . 043| 1| . 043| . 047| . 829| Error| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | 124. 961| 96| 1. 302| | | | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 145. 300| 96| 1. 514| | | | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | 105. 258| 96| 1. 096| | | | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? 88. 131| 96| . 918| | | Total| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | 478. 000| 98| | | | | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 1177. 000| 98| | | | | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | 374. 000| 98| | | | | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | 1025. 000| 98| | | | Corrected T otal| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | 124. 980| 97| | | | | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | 151. 602| 97| | | | | ARE YOU ON LINKEDIN, IF YES, THEN HOW MANY CONNECTIONS DO YOU HAVE? | 106. 04| 97| | | | | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | 88. 173| 97| | | | a. R Squared = . 000 (Adjusted R Squared = -. 010)| b. R Squared = . 042 (Adjusted R Squared = . 032)| c. R Squared = . 009 (Adjusted R Squared = -. 001)| d. R Squared = . 000 (Adjusted R Squared = -. 010)| Correlations| | AGE| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | HOW MANY TIME YOU SPENT WITH YOUR HOBBY(S) PER DAY? | HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | AGE| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 162| . 016| . 185| . 225*| | Sig. 2-tailed)| | . 112| . 879| . 068| . 026| | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| HOW MUCH TIME DAILY ON AN AVERAGE BASIS YOU SPENT ON SNS? | Pearson Correlation| . 162| 1| . 023| . 191| . 352**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 112| | . 821| . 059| . 000| | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| HOW MANY TIME YOU SPENT WITH YOUR HOBBY(S) PER DAY? | Pearson Correlation| . 016| . 023| 1| . 052| -. 112| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 879| . 821| | . 613| . 274| | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| HOW MANY FRIENDS YOU HAVE ON FACEBOOK? | Pearson Correlation| . 185| . 191| . 052| 1| . 310**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 068| . 059| . 613| | . 002| | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| HOW IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ARE IN YOUR LIFE? | Pearson Correlation| . 225*| . 352**| -. 112| . 310**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 026| . 000| . 274| . 002| | | N| 98| 98| 98| 98| 98| *. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed). | **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | 14. Summary And Major Findings:- 1. Since Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy is greater than 0. 6 and 68. 745 % of the variance in our items was explained by the 5 extracted components, which thereby explains that there is significant spread of malwares over internet and thus our alternate hypothesis i. . there is significant spread of malwares and cyber criminals over internet is accepted. 2. As explained by the bivariate correlation , the correlation are significant at 0. 05 level and 0. 01 level of significance, the null hypothesis i. e. there is no significant difference between male and female user is rejected. 3. As explained by multiple regressions the null hypothesis i. e there is no significance of SNS on one’s life is rejected. 15. References:- 1. 55. 032% of the variance in our items was explained by the 5 extracted components by, Dr. Biswajit Das and Jyoti Shankar Sahoo, International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 14 www. ijbssnet. com. 2. IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES IN THE CHANGING MINDSET OF YOUTH ON SOCIAL ISSUES – A STUDY OF DELHI-NCR YOUTH by, Mr. Madhur Raj Jain, Ms. Palak Gupta ; Ms. Nitika Anand. 3. A Study on the impact of social networking sites on indian youth,By, Dr. M. Neelamalar ; Ms. P. Chitra. 4. SLIDES OF Prof. Vipin Khurana 5. www. wikipedia. org 6. http://core. ecu. edu/psyc/wuenschk/spss/SPSS-MV. htm 7. http://www. unt. edu/rss/class/Jon/SPSS_SC/Module9/M9_PCA/SPSS_M9_PCA1. htm How to cite Impact of Social Networking Sites, Essay examples

Multimodality in Clouds over Sidra

Question: Discuss about theMultimodality in Clouds over Sidra. Answer: Introduction: Multimodality is defined as the relationship shared between communication and representation which goes beyond the realm of language. With changes in society, new technologies and media, addressing communication have evolved over the years. It has indeed become crucial for practice, teaching and researching in practical and academic areas. For such analysis a variety of methodologies, frameworks and techniques have been evolved (Machin 2016). In recent years communication using messages and texts, problems arising from using semiotic resources, interacting with each other and with language. For instance, sound design and cinematographic and production resources, page layout and image text, aural and visual art, dress, proxemics, gaze, and gesture have led to some necessary challenges. This essay focuses on the Virtual Reality film Clouds Over Sidra, told in a narrative fashion to depict the journey of a young girl Sidra, to highlight the type of multimodality used. Multimodality on Clouds Over Sidra From Within (2016), the short video Clouds Over Sidra, produced by Aaron Koblin and Chris Milk in their production company VRSE, Sidra a 12-year-old girl from Syria, narrates her experience of her life living away from her home country. Throughout the video, she narrates to the audience describing each scene to the audience starting from her birth to her present life in a refugee camp in Jordan (Rethinked.org 2016). The short video which is a documentary has been presented in a 360-degree Virtual Reality (VR) video format and is around 8 minutes long. If the video had been a simple narrative format, it wouldn't have caused an immersive experience. 360-degree video format enables the viewer to directly interact with the video to see the full surrounding in a given scene, and VR format allows the viewer to directly view the three-dimensional spaces of the living characters. From Within (2016), a typical example of the scene is when she is watching television in a room; the audience can watch the television by sitting beside her, looking through a window. When the user sees down, the user finds himself or herself sitting on the same ground as that of her. This evokes emotion in a much deeper way than passively viewing the video. Journalists, storytellers, and producers will soon find themselves experiencing reality through immersive 360 videos. Biocca and Levy (2013) stated that Storytelling has evolved from text narration to a sensory experience. What it started from simple visual, sound was added later, and then came augmented and virtual reality which ultimately mixed with a sense of touch from wearables and other inputs. This creates a deeper narrative and theme (Dunleavy and Dede 2014). VR is a relatively new technological tool and is much more than just a video game peripheral. It connects a user to other humans who were unheard before in any form of media. It also changes the perception of each other. VR mode was also used for the first time to treat a cancer patient in Britain where people could see the live-stream of the surgery while finding themselves right in the operation theater (Meyercancer.weill.cornell.edu 2016). Kim et al. (2013) pointed out that this is a new mode of communication where a machine makes some more connected, empathetic and compassionate, and ultimately more human. For instance, one can experience the Colosseum as it was in 70 AD, or feel the plight of the day-to-day life of Syrian refugees in Jordan through the new technological mediums. They are still in their infancy but by 2020 it is predicted that one can witness a live event or a breaking news right from the spot where it is all happening. Karutz and Bailenson (2015) argued that liv e studio audience, documentary, and current affairs journalism will be presented this way. More and more stories can be experienced through the visually rich medium of 3d holographic AR projections, interactive VR spaces, where the environment can be mimicked to that of a virtual classroom, bedroom and living room. It will let a user move and interact with the objects for entertainment and education purposes once the gesture is introduced in the 3D mixed and virtual reality worlds. Emma-Ogbangwo et al. (2014), expressed concern that the current limitation preventing it from happening is the restriction of internet bandwidth and advanced video processing, that will create believable virtual worlds. Coleman.edu (2016) states Oculus Rift and HTC Live are some of the popular VR headset makers in the market right now. Digital experiences will undergo a breakthrough than just simple touch interactions and will be present in every medium (refer to Appendix 1). People will emulate their int eraction with the digital content like they do physically in the real world (Liu, Yin and Zhang 2012). Hardt (2007) stated that the Multimodal analysis comprises the analysis of all forms of communication. It particularly focuses on the text which includes the integration and interaction of various semiotic resources or modes of communication, to achieve the meaning of the text. The different resources interactive computing resources are software and digital media hardware). Technological products used like sound and image recording, architecture, writing, painting and carving (OHalloran and Smith 2012). Semiotic action and proxemics of other bodily resources are bodies, hand and face; and aspects of speech like vocal and intonation characteristics. Semiotic resources come with their constraints and affordances, both in combination and individually, analytical variations lie nature and terms of the media, scope, and detail of the analysis, and the difficulties arising from its implementation across media (Poria et al. 2015). For dealing with these challenges two major strategies can b e identified explore theory using analysis of text as both illustration and test of general principle discussions. The other strategy is to examine original texts and working on them before on to generalizations. The first method makes the theory problematic by not assuming, and most of the work is about integrating and comparing knowledge and practice from other different theoretical traditions (Benjamin 1970). Multimodal studies apply to the method when a person takes into consideration the vast range of academic and disciplinary traditions for the relevant multimodality. Theoretical generalization is usually applied in this way to explain various text types and texts, to illustrate and test, and derive from general principles (Burset, Bosch and Pujola 2016). Djonov and Zhao (2013) pointed out that analytical detail is of utmost importance in this approach, and the challenges of reproduction, analysis, transcription and accessing publication are quite apparent.. The film Clouds Over Sidra is in simple terms a short documentary film, and if released on a social video platform called Youtube or Facebook, would or would not have made much impact. The question then raised is how to create a short film that stands unique from the rest and can still tell a simple story to which the audience can relate emotionally (Kaiser 2016). To differentiate this movie from other works, the creators looked for a multimodal approach, which means to distribute the film (media) through many platforms like the with.in website, VR headset (modal) (Kiros, Salakhutdinov and Zemel 2014). To create the full multimodal experience, the film instead of having a video and someone else narrating, took a different approach. The narration is done by the same person the film is focused on, which makes use of the girls (Sidra) voice (media) to capture the audience. Hearing from a first-person perspective is more engrossing than hearing from a professional narrator (Taylor 2013). The directors Gabo Arora and Chris Malik took it a step further and implemented VR so that the audience can explore the scenery in each scene which creates an immersive effect. The voice, in particular, narrates every scene and being a 12-year-old young girl; the audience finds the voice more pleasing to hear and at the same time understand the emotions and feelings of the character by the tone used (Wall and Crevecoeur 2016). There are few scenes in the film where the voice complements the overall scene and helps make the scene much more impactful (Bateman 2013). For instance, at 0:52 (refer to Appendix 2) Sidra describes her shanty living place and her family while the viewer can explore the scene by rotating the video on the website or via VR and understand her living condition. From 3:16 to 4:13 (refer to Appendix 3 and 4), she describes the leisure habits of the Syrian men (Within 2016). This scene is commendable for the fact that unlike traditional films there is almost minim al to nil editing and cut-shots, and the viewer has fully fledged control of the scene to see what is going around (Ohanian and Phillips 2013). In the book Engagements with Narrative, the author Janine Utell describes the use of first-person narration in media create for a more autobiographical approach, and a form of direct communication with the viewers (refer Appendix 5) (Utell 2015). Conclusion The value and applications of multimodal text analysis are enormous. Understanding of multimodality is essential to the study of classroom education and discourse. The addition of new techniques and knowledge from multimodal semiotics science shows new methods to the study and development of computational science, and multimodal text analysis is crucial in a wide variety of fields. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality devices combined with haptic feedback of sensors from wearables and other input have created a new level of immersion to the storytelling and journalism, evoking a deeper feeling in the process and more connectedness among others. References Bateman, J.A., 2013. 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